# Deep Kernel Learning GP Regression (w/ KISS-GP)¶

## Overview¶

In this notebook, we’ll give a brief tutorial on how to use deep kernel learning for regression on a medium scale dataset using SKI. This also demonstrates how to incorporate standard PyTorch modules in to a Gaussian process model.

In [1]:

import math
import torch
import gpytorch
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

# Make plots inline
%matplotlib inline


For this example notebook, we’ll be using the elevators UCI dataset used in the paper. Running the next cell downloads a copy of the dataset that has already been scaled and normalized appropriately. For this notebook, we’ll simply be splitting the data using the first 80% of the data as training and the last 20% as testing.

Note: Running the next cell will attempt to download a ~400 KB dataset file to the current directory.

In [2]:

import urllib.request
import os.path
from math import floor

if not os.path.isfile('elevators.mat'):

X = data[:, :-1]
X = X - X.min(0)[0]
X = 2 * (X / X.max(0)[0]) - 1
y = data[:, -1]

# Use the first 80% of the data for training, and the last 20% for testing.
train_n = int(floor(0.8*len(X)))

train_x = X[:train_n, :].contiguous().cuda()
train_y = y[:train_n].contiguous().cuda()

test_x = X[train_n:, :].contiguous().cuda()
test_y = y[train_n:].contiguous().cuda()


## Defining the DKL Feature Extractor¶

Next, we define the neural network feature extractor used to define the deep kernel. In this case, we use a fully connected network with the architecture d -> 1000 -> 500 -> 50 -> 2, as described in the original DKL paper. All of the code below uses standard PyTorch implementations of neural network layers.

In [3]:

data_dim = train_x.size(-1)

class LargeFeatureExtractor(torch.nn.Sequential):
def __init__(self):
super(LargeFeatureExtractor, self).__init__()

feature_extractor = LargeFeatureExtractor().cuda()


## Defining the GP Model¶

We now define the GP model. For more details on the use of GP models, see our simpler examples. This model uses a GridInterpolationKernel (SKI) with an RBF base kernel.

### The forward method¶

In deep kernel learning, the forward method is where most of the interesting new stuff happens. Before calling the mean and covariance modules on the data as in the simple GP regression setting, we first pass the input data x through the neural network feature extractor. Then, to ensure that the output features of the neural network remain in the grid bounds expected by SKI, we scales the resulting features to be between 0 and 1.

Only after this processing do we call the mean and covariance module of the Gaussian process. This example also demonstrates the flexibility of defining GP models that allow for learned transformations of the data (in this case, via a neural network) before calling the mean and covariance function. Because the neural network in this case maps to two final output features, we will have no problem using SKI.

In [4]:

class GPRegressionModel(gpytorch.models.ExactGP):
def __init__(self, train_x, train_y, likelihood):
super(GPRegressionModel, self).__init__(train_x, train_y, likelihood)
self.mean_module = gpytorch.means.ConstantMean()
self.covar_module = gpytorch.kernels.GridInterpolationKernel(
gpytorch.kernels.ScaleKernel(gpytorch.kernels.RBFKernel(ard_num_dims=2)),
num_dims=2, grid_size=100
)
self.feature_extractor = feature_extractor

def forward(self, x):
# We're first putting our data through a deep net (feature extractor)
# We're also scaling the features so that they're nice values
projected_x = self.feature_extractor(x)
projected_x = projected_x - projected_x.min(0)[0]
projected_x = 2 * (projected_x / projected_x.max(0)[0]) - 1

mean_x = self.mean_module(projected_x)
covar_x = self.covar_module(projected_x)
return gpytorch.distributions.MultivariateNormal(mean_x, covar_x)

In [5]:

likelihood = gpytorch.likelihoods.GaussianLikelihood().cuda()
model = GPRegressionModel(train_x, train_y, likelihood).cuda()


## Training the model¶

The cell below trains the DKL model above, learning both the hyperparameters of the Gaussian process and the parameters of the neural network in an end-to-end fashion using Type-II MLE. We run 20 iterations of training using the Adam optimizer built in to PyTorch. With a decent GPU, this should only take a few seconds.

In [6]:

# Find optimal model hyperparameters
model.train()
likelihood.train()

optimizer = torch.optim.SGD([
{'params': model.feature_extractor.parameters(), 'weight_decay': 1e-3},
{'params': model.covar_module.parameters()},
{'params': model.mean_module.parameters()},
{'params': model.likelihood.parameters()},
], lr=0.1)

# "Loss" for GPs - the marginal log likelihood
mll = gpytorch.mlls.ExactMarginalLogLikelihood(likelihood, model)

training_iterations = 40
def train():
for i in range(training_iterations):
# Get output from model
output = model(train_x)
# Calc loss and backprop derivatives
loss = -mll(output, train_y)
loss.backward()
print('Iter %d/%d - Loss: %.3f' % (i + 1, training_iterations, loss.item()))
optimizer.step()

# See dkl_mnist.ipynb for explanation of this flag
with gpytorch.settings.use_toeplitz(True):
%time train()

Iter 1/40 - Loss: 0.942
Iter 2/40 - Loss: 0.925
Iter 3/40 - Loss: 0.905
Iter 4/40 - Loss: 0.878
Iter 5/40 - Loss: 0.856
Iter 6/40 - Loss: 0.831
Iter 7/40 - Loss: 0.806
Iter 8/40 - Loss: 0.784
Iter 9/40 - Loss: 0.762
Iter 10/40 - Loss: 0.738
Iter 11/40 - Loss: 0.717
Iter 12/40 - Loss: 0.694
Iter 13/40 - Loss: 0.672
Iter 14/40 - Loss: 0.649
Iter 15/40 - Loss: 0.626
Iter 16/40 - Loss: 0.603
Iter 17/40 - Loss: 0.580
Iter 18/40 - Loss: 0.557
Iter 19/40 - Loss: 0.536
Iter 20/40 - Loss: 0.514
Iter 21/40 - Loss: 0.490
Iter 22/40 - Loss: 0.468
Iter 23/40 - Loss: 0.448
Iter 24/40 - Loss: 0.425
Iter 25/40 - Loss: 0.400
Iter 26/40 - Loss: 0.379
Iter 27/40 - Loss: 0.358
Iter 28/40 - Loss: 0.338
Iter 29/40 - Loss: 0.317
Iter 30/40 - Loss: 0.292
Iter 31/40 - Loss: 0.275
Iter 32/40 - Loss: 0.256
Iter 33/40 - Loss: 0.239
Iter 34/40 - Loss: 0.237
Iter 35/40 - Loss: 0.215
Iter 36/40 - Loss: 0.201
Iter 37/40 - Loss: 0.181
Iter 38/40 - Loss: 0.156
Iter 39/40 - Loss: 0.128
Iter 40/40 - Loss: 0.111
CPU times: user 15.2 s, sys: 4.52 s, total: 19.7 s
Wall time: 19.7 s


## Making Predictions¶

The next cell gets the predictive covariance for the test set (and also technically gets the predictive mean, stored in preds.mean()) using the standard SKI testing code, with no acceleration or precomputation.

In [7]:

model.eval()
likelihood.eval()

In [8]:

print('Test MAE: {}'.format(torch.mean(torch.abs(preds.mean - test_y))))

Test MAE: 0.11873025447130203

In [ ]: